FRUITCAKE
It seems like no matter
what you do to it,
the fruitcake always returns.

The TV game show was really close. One contestant was asked to name 2 of Santa’s reindeer. The contestant gave a sigh thinking that he had finally been given an easy question, “Rudolph and Olive!”
The host asked the contestant, “We’ll accept Rudolph but can you explain Olive?”
The man looked at the host and said, “You know, ‘Olive,’ the other reindeer, used to laugh and call him names…”

Olive, Olive the other reindeer.
Howe, and Howe the reindeer loved him.
Andy, Andy shouted out with glee.

 

120 CHRISTMAS RIDDLES

1. What is Santa’s favorite breakfast cereal?
2. What do lions sing at Christmas?
3. What happened when Santa got a sore throat before Christmas?
4. Where does Santa put his suit after Christmas?
5. What did the reindeer say before launching into his comedy routine?
6. What do you get when you cross a snowman with a vampire?
7. What do you call people who are afraid of Santa Claus?
8. Why was Santa’s little helper depressed?
9. What do you call Santa when he has no money?
10. Why was the squirrel mad at Santa?
11. What’s purple and sticky and goes, Ho, Ho, Ho?
12. What Christmas Carol is a favorite of parents?
13. If Santa Claus and Mrs. Claus had a child, what would he be called?
14. What did the buck say to the doe on Christmas Day?
15. What does a grizzly bear use to decorate his Christmas tree?

RIDDLES 1-15 … A subordinate clause. – Because he got NUT-in (nothing) for Christmas. – Because he had low elf (self) esteem. – Claus-trophobic. – Frostbite. – Frosted Flakes. – GRRRRRRRR-land (garland). – He had to have his TINSELS (tonsils) taken out. – In the CLAUS-et (closet). – JELLY (Jolly) Old St. Nicholas. – Jungle (Jingle) bells. – “Merry Christmas, Dear (deer).” – Saint Nickel-less (Nicholas). – Silent Night. – “This will sleigh (slay) you.”

16. Why are Christmas presents so easy to tease?
17. How does an Eskimo put his Christmas decorations on?
18. What does one business person say to another business person on Christmas?
19. How do sheep in Mexico say Merry Christmas?
20. What do you get when you cross an archer with a gift-wrapper?
21. What does a snake sing at Christmas?
22. What does Santa Claus eat at a Mexican restaurant?
23. Why do reindeer scratch themselves?
24. What do you get if Santa goes down the chimney when a fire is lit?
25. Which moves faster: heat or cold?
26. What is the end of Christmas?
27. What kind of a virus can reindeer catch?
28. Why do you go to bed on Christmas Eve?
29. Why couldn’t the cat work her new DVD player?
30. What’s a farmer’s favorite Christmas carol?

RIDDLES 16-30 … Because she kept hitting the paws (pause) button. – Because the bed won’t come to you. – Because they take a lot of RIBBON (ribbing). – Because they’re the only ones who know where they itch. – Chimney-chongas. – Crisp Cringle (Kris Kringle). – Fleece (Feliz) Navidad. – Heat.  Everybody can catch a cold. – Igloos (he glues) them on. – I’m Dreaming of a Wheat (White) Christmas. – Ribbon (Robin) hood. – “Season’s meetings (greetings).” – SSSsssssssssssilver Bells. – The letter s. – The Reindeer flu (flew).

31. What’s the most popular wine at Christmas?
32. What’s the least exciting animal at the North Pole?
33. Why does Santa have 3 gardens?
34. What nationality is Santa Claus?
35. What do snowmen eat for breakfast?
36. What did the guest sing at the Eskimo Christmas Party?
37. How do cats greet each other at Christmas?
38. Who delivers the Christmas presents to dogs?
39. What song do skunks sing at Christmas?
40. What did Adam say the day before Christmas?
41. Which of the reindeer has the worst manners?
42. What holiday drink gets on your nerves?
43. What do elves learn in school?
44. What does a cat on the beach have in common with Christmas?
45. What do you get if you cross Father Christmas with a detective?

RIDDLES 31-45 … “Do I have to eat these Brussels sprouts?” – Egg-nag (nog). – Freeze (for he’s) a jolly good fellow. – Have a furry merry Christmas and a Happy Mew Year. – “It’s Christmas, Eve.” – Jingle Smells. – North Polish. – Polar bore (bear). – Rude-olph. – Sandy Claws. – Santa Clues. – Santa Paws. – Snowflakes. – So he can hoe hoe hoe. – The elf-abet (alphabet).

46. Why are Christmas trees like bad knitters?
47. If athletes get athletes foot, what do astronauts get?
48. What do you drain your Christmas Brussels sprouts with?
49. What did the spider want for Christmas?
50. Why did the karate instructor admire Santa?
51. Who is never hungry at Christmas?
52. Why does Scrooge love Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer?
53. Which colored candle burns longer, a red candle or a green candle?
54. What do Santa’s helpers do to work out their problems?
55. What does Little Miss Muffet mail to her friends during the holidays?
56. Where do the three wise men go to get their robes tailored?
57. Who brings Christmas present to fleas?
58. Are all the bears sure that Santa Claus coming to town?
59. What do you use to decorate a canoe for Christmas?
60. What’s Santa’s favorite sandwich?

RIDDLES 46-60 … A book of all the hottest websites (web sites). – An Advent Colander (calendar). – Because every buck is dear to him. – Because he had a black belt. – Bethle-hem. – Christmas curds (cards). – Missletoe (Mistletoe). – Neither.  Candles always burn shorter. – Oar-naments (ornaments). – Old St. tick. – Peanut Butter & Jolly (Jelly). – The turkey, he is always stuffed. – They both drop their needles. – They go to an elf-help group. – They’re paws-ative (positive).

61. How do fish decorate for Christmas?
62. How did Santa get lost on Christmas Eve?
63. What Christmas carols do dogs like to sing?
64. Where do the reindeer go for Christmas dinner?
65. What do you tell a stressed snowman?
66. What’s thoughtful, frozen, and goes drip drip?
67. Where do sheep shop for Christmas presents?
68. What do you give an artistic dog for Christmas?
69. What is the best day to drink eggnog?
70. What does Santa wear on his head to keep warm?
71. What is the difference between the Christmas alphabet and the ordinary alphabet?
72. What kind of bird can write?
73. What’s the best thing to put into a Christmas cake?
74. Why was the computer so quiet on Christmas Eve?
75. What are red and green and grow on the ocean floor?

RIDDLES 61-75 … A pen-guin. – A Polar Ice Cap. – Because, not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse. – “Chill out.” – Christmas Corals (carols). – Deck the howls (halls). – Fetch (Etch)-A-Sketch. – He got mis-sled (misled). – Nice-icles. – On the thirst (first) day of Christmas. – The Christmas alphabet has no L (Noel). – They hang reefs (wreaths). – To their aunt-ler’s house. – Wool-mart (Walmart). – Your teeth.

76. What do elves play Solitaire with?
77. Which winter sport do trees participate in?
78. What will happen if you’re naughty before Christmas?
79. What song lyrics does Santa love to sing?
80. What did the sheep say to Santa?
81. What does Dracula write on his Christmas cards?
82. Why did Santa get a ticket on Christmas Eve?
83. How do Christmas trees keep their breath fresh?
84. Do Christmas trees knit?
85. What do vegetarians wish for at Christmas?
86. Why is getting a Christmas present like an honors student?
87. What do witches sing on Christmas?
88. What kind of vacuum does Rudolph use?
89. Is it better to write a letter to Santa on an empty stomach or a full stomach?
90. What did Santa say to Mrs. Claus as he looked out the window?

RIDDLES 76-90 … A Hoofer (Hoover). – Al-pine skiing. – Because they are gift-ed. – Best vicious (wishes) of the season. – Christmas cards. – He left his sled in a snow (no) parking zone. – It is better to write it on paper. – It looks like rain dear (reindeer). – Jinx-le (Jingle) Bells. – No. They do needle-point. – Peas (peace) on Earth. – “Season’s bleatings (greetings).”- They suck on an orna-mint (ornament). – You beard-er (better) watch out, you beard-er (better) not cry. – Yule (you’ll) be sorry.

91. Who sings “Love me tender,” and makes Christmas toys?
92. What did Santa shout to his toys on Christmas Eve?
93. What do you get if you cross an apple with a Christmas Tree?
94. What did the elves say about Santa when he was building a ski resort?
95. What do the reindeer plant in the fall?
96. When does Santa bring a tadpole his presents?
97. Why are green and red the colors of Christmas?
98. What Christmas carol does Swiss cheese like to sing?
99. Which Christmas carol never gets sung?
100. What’s a snowman’s favorite Mexican food?
101. What do you call a snowman in July?
102. What do you get in December that you don’t get in any other month?
103. What do snowmen have for breakfast?
104. Who beats his chest and swings from Christmas cake to Christmas cake?
105. What does Santa use to take pictures?

RIDDLES 91-105 … A North Pole-aroid. – A pine-apple. – A puddle. – Because it’s a holly-day (holiday). – Brrrrrrrr – itos. – Christmas bulbs. – Deck the Holes (Halls). – “He’s making a lift (list), He’s checking it twice.” – Ice (Rice) Krispies. – “Okay everyone, sack time.” – One froggy (foggy) Christmas Eve. – Santa’s little Elvis. – Tarzipan. – The letter D. – The Second Noel.

106. What kind of mobile phone plan does Santa use?
107. Why do sharks love Santa so much?
108. What did the thoughtless person get the headless horseman for Christmas?
109. What song do damaged socks sing while they hang by the fireplace?
110. Why is Rudolph so good at playing trivia?
111. What is Santa’s favorite basketball team?
112. Why was the manger so crowded on Christmas Eve?
113. Why did the snowman put his friend on the phone on hold?
114. Why did the thermometer break?
115. What do you do if Santa gets stuck in your chimney?
116. What does the Gingerbread Man use to make his bed?
117. Which reindeer has the cleanest antlers?
118. What do they call Santa’s little helpers?
119. What do Santa’s beard and a Christmas tree have in common?
120. Why does Father Christmas cry a lot?

RIDDLES 106-120 … A cookie sheet.  – A necktie. – Because he gets Santa – mental (sentimental).  – Because he had coal (call)-waiting. Because the temperature dropped. – Because he`s a jaw-ly good fellow. – Because he’s bright and nose (knows) a lot. – Because of the 3 wide (wise) men. – Comet.  – Oh Holey (Holy) Night. – Pay as you Ho, Ho, Ho. – Pour Santa (Sani-flush) flush on him.  – Subordinate Clauses.  – The New York Old St. Knicks. – They both need trimming.

ANSWERS

)ๅɐʇuǝɯᴉʇuǝs( ๅɐʇuǝɯ – ɐʇuɐS sʇǝɓ ǝɥ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿ʇoๅ ɐ ʎɹɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹǝɥʇɐꓞ sǝop ʎɥM ·0ՇƖ

ɓuᴉɯɯᴉɹʇ pǝǝu ɥʇoq ʎǝɥꓕ  ¿uoɯɯoɔ uᴉ ǝʌɐɥ ǝǝɹʇ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɐ puɐ pɹɐǝq sˌɐʇuɐS op ʇɐɥM ·6ƖƖ

sǝsnɐๅꓛ ǝʇɐuᴉpɹoqnS  ¿sɹǝdๅǝɥ ǝๅʇʇᴉๅ sˌɐʇuɐS ๅๅɐɔ ʎǝɥʇ op ʇɐɥM ·8ƖƖ

ʇǝɯoꓛ  ¿sɹǝๅʇuɐ ʇsǝuɐǝๅɔ ǝɥʇ sɐɥ ɹǝǝpuᴉǝɹ ɥɔᴉɥM ·LƖƖ

ʇǝǝɥs ǝᴉʞooɔ Ɐ  ¿pǝq sᴉɥ ǝʞɐɯ oʇ ǝsn uɐW pɐǝɹqɹǝɓuᴉꓨ ǝɥʇ sǝop ʇɐɥM ·9ƖƖ

ɯᴉɥ uo ɥsnๅɟ )ɥsnๅɟ-ᴉuɐS( ɐʇuɐS ɹnoꓒ  ¿ʎǝuɯᴉɥɔ ɹnoʎ uᴉ ʞɔnʇs sʇǝɓ ɐʇuɐS ɟᴉ op noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·૬ƖƖ

pǝddoɹp ǝɹnʇɐɹǝdɯǝʇ ǝɥʇ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿ʞɐǝɹq ɹǝʇǝɯoɯɹǝɥʇ ǝɥʇ pᴉp ʎɥM ·hƖƖ

ɓuᴉʇᴉɐʍ-)ๅๅɐɔ( ๅɐoɔ pɐɥ ǝɥ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ
  ¿pๅoɥ uo ǝuoɥd ǝɥʇ uo puǝᴉɹɟ sᴉɥ ʇnd uɐɯʍous ǝɥʇ pᴉp ʎɥM ·ƐƖƖ

uǝɯ )ǝsᴉʍ( ǝpᴉʍ Ɛ ǝɥʇ ɟo ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿ǝʌƎ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ uo pǝpʍoɹɔ os ɹǝɓuɐɯ ǝɥʇ sɐʍ ʎɥM ·ՇƖƖ

sʞɔᴉuꓘ ·ʇS pๅO ʞɹo⅄ ʍǝN ǝɥꓕ  ¿ɯɐǝʇ ๅๅɐqʇǝʞsɐq ǝʇᴉɹoʌɐɟ sˌɐʇuɐS sᴉ ʇɐɥM ·ƖƖƖ

ʇoๅ ɐ )sʍouʞ( ǝsou puɐ ʇɥɓᴉɹq sˌǝɥ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿ɐᴉʌᴉɹʇ ɓuᴉʎɐๅd ʇɐ pooɓ os ɥdๅopnꓤ sᴉ ʎɥM ·0ƖƖ

ʇɥɓᴉN )ʎๅoH( ʎǝๅoH ɥO
  ¿ǝɔɐๅdǝɹᴉɟ ǝɥʇ ʎq ɓuɐɥ ʎǝɥʇ ǝๅᴉɥʍ ɓuᴉs sʞɔos pǝɓɐɯɐp op ɓuos ʇɐɥM ·60Ɩ

ǝᴉʇʞɔǝu Ɐ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹoɟ uɐɯǝsɹoɥ ssǝๅpɐǝɥ ǝɥʇ ʇǝɓ uosɹǝd ssǝๅʇɥɓnoɥʇ ǝɥʇ pᴉp ʇɐɥM ·80Ɩ

ʍoๅๅǝɟ pooɓ ʎๅ-ʍɐſ ɐ s`ǝɥ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿ɥɔnɯ os ɐʇuɐS ǝʌoๅ sʞɹɐɥs op ʎɥM ·L0Ɩ

·oH ʻoH ʻoH noʎ sɐ ʎɐꓒ  ¿ǝsn ɐʇuɐS sǝop uɐๅd ǝuoɥd ǝๅᴉqoɯ ɟo puᴉʞ ʇɐɥM ·90Ɩ

pᴉoɹɐ-ǝๅoꓒ ɥʇɹoN Ɐ  ¿sǝɹnʇɔᴉd ǝʞɐʇ oʇ ǝsn ɐʇuɐS sǝop ʇɐɥM ·૬0Ɩ

uɐdᴉzɹɐꓕ  ¿ǝʞɐɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ oʇ ǝʞɐɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɯoɹɟ sɓuᴉʍs puɐ ʇsǝɥɔ sᴉɥ sʇɐǝq oɥM ·h0Ɩ

sǝᴉdsᴉɹꓘ )ǝɔᴉꓤ( ǝɔI  ¿ʇsɐɟʞɐǝɹq ɹoɟ ǝʌɐɥ uǝɯʍous op ʇɐɥM ·Ɛ0Ɩ

ꓷ ɹǝʇʇǝๅ ǝɥꓕ  ¿ɥʇuoɯ ɹǝɥʇo ʎuɐ uᴉ ʇǝɓ ʇˌuop noʎ ʇɐɥʇ ɹǝqɯǝɔǝꓷ uᴉ ʇǝɓ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·Շ0Ɩ

ǝๅppnd Ɐ  ¿ʎๅnſ uᴉ uɐɯʍous ɐ ๅๅɐɔ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·Ɩ0Ɩ

soʇᴉ – ɹɹɹɹɹɹɹɹꓭ  ¿pooɟ uɐɔᴉxǝW ǝʇᴉɹoʌɐɟ sˌuɐɯʍous ɐ sˌʇɐɥM ·00Ɩ

ๅǝoN puoɔǝS ǝɥꓕ  ¿ɓuns sʇǝɓ ɹǝʌǝu ๅoɹɐɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɥɔᴉɥM ·66

)sๅๅɐH( sǝๅoH ǝɥʇ ʞɔǝꓷ  ¿ɓuᴉs oʇ ǝʞᴉๅ ǝsǝǝɥɔ ssᴉʍS sǝop ๅoɹɐɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʇɐɥM ·86

)ʎɐpᴉๅoɥ( ʎɐp-ʎๅๅoɥ ɐ sˌʇᴉ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɟo sɹoๅoɔ ǝɥʇ pǝɹ puɐ uǝǝɹɓ ǝɹɐ ʎɥM ·L6

ǝʌƎ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ )ʎɓɓoɟ( ʎɓɓoɹɟ ǝuO  ¿sʇuǝsǝɹd sᴉɥ ǝๅodpɐʇ ɐ ɓuᴉɹq ɐʇuɐS sǝop uǝɥM ·96

sqๅnq sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ  ¿ๅๅɐɟ ǝɥʇ uᴉ ʇuɐๅd ɹǝǝpuᴉǝɹ ǝɥʇ op ʇɐɥM ·૬6

ˌˌ·ǝɔᴉʍʇ ʇᴉ ɓuᴉʞɔǝɥɔ sˌǝH ʻ)ʇsᴉๅ( ʇɟᴉๅ ɐ ɓuᴉʞɐɯ sˌǝHˌˌ
¿ʇɹosǝɹ ᴉʞs ɐ ɓuᴉpๅᴉnq sɐʍ ǝɥ uǝɥʍ ɐʇuɐS ʇnoqɐ ʎɐs sǝʌๅǝ ǝɥʇ pᴉp ʇɐɥM ·h6

ǝๅddɐ-ǝuᴉd Ɐ  ¿ǝǝɹꓕ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɐ ɥʇᴉʍ ǝๅddɐ uɐ ssoɹɔ noʎ ɟᴉ ʇǝɓ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·Ɛ6

ˌˌ·ǝɯᴉʇ ʞɔɐs ʻǝuoʎɹǝʌǝ ʎɐʞOˌˌ  ¿ǝʌƎ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ uo sʎoʇ sᴉɥ oʇ ʇnoɥs ɐʇuɐS pᴉp ʇɐɥM ·Շ6

sᴉʌๅƎ ǝๅʇʇᴉๅ sˌɐʇuɐS  ¿sʎoʇ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ sǝʞɐɯ puɐ ˌˌʻɹǝpuǝʇ ǝɯ ǝʌoꓶˌˌ sɓuᴉs oɥM ·Ɩ6

)ɹǝǝpuᴉǝɹ( ɹɐǝp uᴉɐɹ ǝʞᴉๅ sʞooๅ ʇI
 ¿ʍopuᴉʍ ǝɥʇ ʇno pǝʞooๅ ǝɥ sɐ snɐๅꓛ ·sɹW oʇ ʎɐs ɐʇuɐS pᴉp ʇɐɥM ·06

ɹǝdɐd uo ʇᴉ ǝʇᴉɹʍ oʇ ɹǝʇʇǝq sᴉ ʇI
  ¿ɥɔɐɯoʇs ๅๅnɟ ɐ ɹo ɥɔɐɯoʇs ʎʇdɯǝ uɐ uo ɐʇuɐS oʇ ɹǝʇʇǝๅ ɐ ǝʇᴉɹʍ oʇ ɹǝʇʇǝq ʇᴉ sI ·68

·)ɹǝʌooH( ɹǝɟooH Ɐ  ¿ǝsn ɥdๅopnꓤ sǝop ɯnnɔɐʌ ɟo puᴉʞ ʇɐɥM ·88

sๅๅǝꓭ )ǝๅɓuᴉſ( ǝๅ-xuᴉſ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ uo ɓuᴉs sǝɥɔʇᴉʍ op ʇɐɥM ·L8

pǝ-ʇɟᴉɓ ǝɹɐ ʎǝɥʇ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿ʇuǝpnʇs sɹouoɥ uɐ ǝʞᴉๅ ʇuǝsǝɹd sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɐ ɓuᴉʇʇǝɓ sᴉ ʎɥM ·98

ɥʇɹɐƎ uo )ǝɔɐǝd( sɐǝꓒ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʇɐ ɹoɟ ɥsᴉʍ suɐᴉɹɐʇǝɓǝʌ op ʇɐɥM ·૬8

ʇuᴉod-ǝๅpǝǝu op ʎǝɥꓕ ·oN  ¿ʇᴉuʞ sǝǝɹʇ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ oꓷ ·h8

)ʇuǝɯɐuɹo( ʇuᴉɯ-ɐuɹo uɐ uo ʞɔns ʎǝɥꓕ  ¿ɥsǝɹɟ ɥʇɐǝɹq ɹᴉǝɥʇ dǝǝʞ sǝǝɹʇ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ op ʍoH ·Ɛ8

ǝuoz ɓuᴉʞɹɐd )ou( ʍous ɐ uᴉ pǝๅs sᴉɥ ʇɟǝๅ ǝH  ¿ǝʌƎ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ uo ʇǝʞɔᴉʇ ɐ ʇǝɓ ɐʇuɐS pᴉp ʎɥM ·Շ8

uosɐǝs ǝɥʇ ɟo )sǝɥsᴉʍ( snoᴉɔᴉʌ ʇsǝꓭ  ¿spɹɐɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ sᴉɥ uo ǝʇᴉɹʍ ɐๅnɔɐɹꓷ sǝop ʇɐɥM ·Ɩ8

ˌˌ·)sɓuᴉʇǝǝɹɓ( sɓuᴉʇɐǝๅq sˌuosɐǝSˌˌ  ¿ɐʇuɐS oʇ ʎɐs dǝǝɥs ǝɥʇ pᴉp ʇɐɥM ·08

ʎɹɔ ʇou )ɹǝʇʇǝq( ɹǝ-pɹɐǝq noʎ ʻʇno ɥɔʇɐʍ )ɹǝʇʇǝq( ɹǝ-pɹɐǝq no⅄
¿ɓuᴉs oʇ ǝʌoๅ ɐʇuɐS sǝop sɔᴉɹʎๅ ɓuos ʇɐɥM ·6L

ʎɹɹos ǝq )ๅๅˌnoʎ( ǝๅn⅄  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ǝɹoɟǝq ʎʇɥɓnɐu ǝɹˌnoʎ ɟᴉ uǝddɐɥ ๅๅᴉʍ ʇɐɥM ·8L

ɓuᴉᴉʞs ǝuᴉd-ๅⱯ  ¿uᴉ ǝʇɐdᴉɔᴉʇɹɐd sǝǝɹʇ op ʇɹods ɹǝʇuᴉʍ ɥɔᴉɥM ·LL

spɹɐɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ  ¿ɥʇᴉʍ ǝɹᴉɐʇᴉๅoS ʎɐๅd sǝʌๅǝ op ʇɐɥM ·9L

)sๅoɹɐɔ( sๅɐɹoꓛ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ  ¿ɹooๅɟ uɐǝɔo ǝɥʇ uo ʍoɹɓ puɐ uǝǝɹɓ puɐ pǝɹ ǝɹɐ ʇɐɥM ·૬L

ǝsnoɯ ɐ uǝʌǝ ʇou ʻɓuᴉɹɹᴉʇs sɐʍ ǝɹnʇɐǝɹɔ ɐ ʇou ʻǝsnɐɔǝꓭ
¿ǝʌƎ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ uo ʇǝᴉnb os ɹǝʇndɯoɔ ǝɥʇ sɐʍ ʎɥM ·hL

ɥʇǝǝʇ ɹno⅄  ¿ǝʞɐɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɐ oʇuᴉ ʇnd oʇ ɓuᴉɥʇ ʇsǝq ǝɥʇ sˌʇɐɥM ·ƐL

uᴉnɓ-uǝd Ɐ  ¿ǝʇᴉɹʍ uɐɔ pɹᴉq ɟo puᴉʞ ʇɐɥM ·ՇL

)ๅǝoN( ꓶ ou sɐɥ ʇǝqɐɥdๅɐ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ǝɥꓕ
¿ʇǝqɐɥdๅɐ ʎɹɐuᴉpɹo ǝɥʇ puɐ ʇǝqɐɥdๅɐ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ǝɥʇ uǝǝʍʇǝq ǝɔuǝɹǝɟɟᴉp ǝɥʇ sᴉ ʇɐɥM ·ƖL

dɐꓛ ǝɔI ɹɐๅoꓒ Ɐ  ¿ɯɹɐʍ dǝǝʞ oʇ pɐǝɥ sᴉɥ uo ɹɐǝʍ ɐʇuɐS sǝop ʇɐɥM ·0L

sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɟo ʎɐp )ʇsɹᴉɟ( ʇsɹᴉɥʇ ǝɥʇ uO  ¿ɓouɓɓǝ ʞuᴉɹp oʇ ʎɐp ʇsǝq ǝɥʇ sᴉ ʇɐɥM ·69

ɥɔʇǝʞS-Ɐ-)ɥɔʇƎ( ɥɔʇǝꓞ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹoɟ ɓop ɔᴉʇsᴉʇɹɐ uɐ ǝʌᴉɓ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·89

)ʇɹɐɯๅɐM( ʇɹɐɯ-ๅooM  ¿sʇuǝsǝɹd sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹoɟ doɥs dǝǝɥs op ǝɹǝɥM ·L9

sǝๅɔᴉ-ǝɔᴉN  ¿dᴉɹp dᴉɹp sǝoɓ puɐ ʻuǝzoɹɟ ʻๅnɟʇɥɓnoɥʇ sˌʇɐɥM ·99

ˌˌ·ʇno ๅๅᴉɥꓛˌˌ  ¿uɐɯʍous pǝssǝɹʇs ɐ ๅๅǝʇ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·૬9

ǝsnoɥ sˌɹǝๅ-ʇunɐ ɹᴉǝɥʇ oꓕ  ¿ɹǝuuᴉp sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹoɟ oɓ ɹǝǝpuᴉǝɹ ǝɥʇ op ǝɹǝɥM ·h9

)sๅๅɐɥ( sๅʍoɥ ǝɥʇ ʞɔǝꓷ  ¿ɓuᴉs oʇ ǝʞᴉๅ sɓop op sๅoɹɐɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʇɐɥM ·Ɛ9

)pǝๅsᴉɯ( pǝๅs-sᴉɯ ʇoɓ ǝH  ¿ǝʌƎ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ uo ʇsoๅ ʇǝɓ ɐʇuɐS pᴉp ʍoH ·Շ9

)sɥʇɐǝɹʍ( sɟǝǝɹ ɓuɐɥ ʎǝɥꓕ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹoɟ ǝʇɐɹoɔǝp ɥsᴉɟ op ʍoH ·Ɩ9

)ʎๅๅǝſ( ʎๅๅoſ ⅋ ɹǝʇʇnꓭ ʇnuɐǝꓒ  ¿ɥɔᴉʍpuɐs ǝʇᴉɹoʌɐɟ sˌɐʇuɐS sˌʇɐɥM ·09

)sʇuǝɯɐuɹo( sʇuǝɯɐu-ɹɐO  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹoɟ ǝouɐɔ ɐ ǝʇɐɹoɔǝp oʇ ǝsn noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·6૬

·)ǝʌᴉʇᴉsod( ǝʌᴉʇɐ-sʍɐd ǝɹˌʎǝɥꓕ ¿uʍoʇ oʇ ɓuᴉɯoɔ snɐๅꓛ ɐʇuɐS ʇɐɥʇ ǝɹns sɹɐǝq ǝɥʇ ๅๅɐ ǝɹⱯ ·8૬

ʞɔᴉʇ ·ʇS pๅO  ¿sɐǝๅɟ oʇ ʇuǝsǝɹd sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ sɓuᴉɹq oɥM ·L૬

ɯǝɥ-ǝๅɥʇǝꓭ ¿pǝɹoๅᴉɐʇ sǝqoɹ ɹᴉǝɥʇ ʇǝɓ oʇ oɓ uǝɯ ǝsᴉʍ ǝǝɹɥʇ ǝɥʇ op ǝɹǝɥM ·9૬

)spɹɐɔ( spɹnɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ
 ¿sʎɐpᴉๅoɥ ǝɥʇ ɓuᴉɹnp spuǝᴉɹɟ ɹǝɥ oʇ ๅᴉɐɯ ʇǝɟɟnW ssᴉW ǝๅʇʇᴉꓶ sǝop ʇɐɥM ·૬૬

dnoɹɓ dๅǝɥ-ɟๅǝ uɐ oʇ oɓ ʎǝɥꓕ ¿sɯǝๅqoɹd ɹᴉǝɥʇ ʇno ʞɹoʍ oʇ op sɹǝdๅǝɥ sˌɐʇuɐS op ʇɐɥM ·h૬

ɹǝʇɹoɥs uɹnq sʎɐʍๅɐ sǝๅpuɐꓛ – ɹǝɥʇᴉǝN
 ¿ǝๅpuɐɔ uǝǝɹɓ ɐ ɹo ǝๅpuɐɔ pǝɹ ɐ ʻɹǝɓuoๅ suɹnq ǝๅpuɐɔ pǝɹoๅoɔ ɥɔᴉɥM ·Ɛ૬

ɯᴉɥ oʇ ɹɐǝp sᴉ ʞɔnq ʎɹǝʌǝ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ
 ¿ɹǝǝpuᴉǝꓤ pǝsoN-pǝꓤ ǝɥʇ ɥdๅopnꓤ ǝʌoๅ ǝɓooɹɔS sǝop ʎɥM ·Շ૬

pǝɟɟnʇs sʎɐʍๅɐ sᴉ ǝɥ ʻʎǝʞɹnʇ ǝɥꓕ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʇɐ ʎɹɓunɥ ɹǝʌǝu sᴉ oɥM ·Ɩ૬

ʇๅǝq ʞɔɐๅq ɐ pɐɥ ǝɥ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿ɐʇuɐS ǝɹᴉɯpɐ ɹoʇɔnɹʇsuᴉ ǝʇɐɹɐʞ ǝɥʇ pᴉp ʎɥM ·0૬

)sǝʇᴉs qǝʍ( sǝʇᴉsqǝʍ ʇsǝʇʇoɥ ǝɥʇ ๅๅɐ ɟo ʞooq Ɐ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹoɟ ʇuɐʍ ɹǝpᴉds ǝɥʇ pᴉp ʇɐɥM ·6h

)ɹɐpuǝๅɐɔ( ɹǝpuɐๅoꓛ ʇuǝʌpⱯ uⱯ ¿ɥʇᴉʍ sʇnoɹds sๅǝssnɹꓭ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹnoʎ uᴉɐɹp noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·8h

)ǝoʇǝๅʇsᴉW( ǝoʇǝๅssᴉW  ¿ʇǝɓ sʇnɐuoɹʇsɐ op ʇɐɥʍ ʻʇooɟ sǝʇǝๅɥʇɐ ʇǝɓ sǝʇǝๅɥʇɐ ɟI ·Lh

sǝๅpǝǝu ɹᴉǝɥʇ doɹp ɥʇoq ʎǝɥꓕ  ¿sɹǝʇʇᴉuʞ pɐq ǝʞᴉๅ sǝǝɹʇ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ǝɹɐ ʎɥM ·9h

sǝnๅꓛ ɐʇuɐS ¿ǝʌᴉʇɔǝʇǝp ɐ ɥʇᴉʍ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹǝɥʇɐꓞ ssoɹɔ noʎ ɟᴉ ʇǝɓ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·૬h

sʍɐๅꓛ ʎpuɐS ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɥʇᴉʍ uoɯɯoɔ uᴉ ǝʌɐɥ ɥɔɐǝq ǝɥʇ uo ʇɐɔ ɐ sǝop ʇɐɥM ·hh

)ʇǝqɐɥdๅɐ( ʇǝqɐ-ɟๅǝ ǝɥꓕ ¿ๅooɥɔs uᴉ uɹɐǝๅ sǝʌๅǝ op ʇɐɥM ·Ɛh

)ɓou( ɓɐu-ɓɓƎ  ¿sǝʌɹǝu ɹnoʎ uo sʇǝɓ ʞuᴉɹp ʎɐpᴉๅoɥ ʇɐɥM ·Շh

ɥdๅo-ǝpnꓤ  ¿sɹǝuuɐɯ ʇsɹoʍ ǝɥʇ sɐɥ ɹǝǝpuᴉǝɹ ǝɥʇ ɟo ɥɔᴉɥM ·Ɩh

ˌˌ·ǝʌƎ ʻsɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ sˌʇIˌˌ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ǝɹoɟǝq ʎɐp ǝɥʇ ʎɐs ɯɐpⱯ pᴉp ʇɐɥM ·0h

sๅๅǝɯS ǝๅɓuᴉſ ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʇɐ ɓuᴉs sʞunʞs op ɓuos ʇɐɥM ·6Ɛ

sʍɐꓒ ɐʇuɐS  ¿sɓop oʇ sʇuǝsǝɹd sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ǝɥʇ sɹǝʌᴉๅǝp oɥM ·8Ɛ

ɹɐǝ⅄ ʍǝW ʎddɐH ɐ puɐ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʎɹɹǝɯ ʎɹɹnɟ ɐ ǝʌɐH
  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʇɐ ɹǝɥʇo ɥɔɐǝ ʇǝǝɹɓ sʇɐɔ op ʍoH ·LƐ

ʍoๅๅǝɟ pooɓ ʎๅๅoſ ɐ )sˌǝɥ ɹoɟ( ǝzǝǝɹꓞ ¿ʎʇɹɐꓒ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ oɯᴉʞsƎ ǝɥʇ ʇɐ ɓuᴉs ʇsǝnɓ ǝɥʇ pᴉp ʇɐɥM ·9Ɛ

sǝʞɐๅɟʍouS ¿ʇsɐɟʞɐǝɹq ɹoɟ ʇɐǝ uǝɯʍous op ʇɐɥM ·૬Ɛ

ɥsᴉๅoꓒ ɥʇɹoN ¿snɐๅꓛ ɐʇuɐS sᴉ ʎʇᴉๅɐuoᴉʇɐu ʇɐɥM ·hƐ

ǝoɥ ǝoɥ ǝoɥ uɐɔ ǝɥ oS  ¿suǝpɹɐɓ Ɛ ǝʌɐɥ ɐʇuɐS sǝop ʎɥM ·ƐƐ

)ɹɐǝq( ǝɹoq ɹɐๅoꓒ  ¿ǝๅoꓒ ɥʇɹoN ǝɥʇ ʇɐ ๅɐɯᴉuɐ ɓuᴉʇᴉɔxǝ ʇsɐǝๅ ǝɥʇ sˌʇɐɥM ·ՇƐ

ˌˌ¿sʇnoɹds sๅǝssnɹꓭ ǝsǝɥʇ ʇɐǝ oʇ ǝʌɐɥ I oꓷˌˌ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʇɐ ǝuᴉʍ ɹɐๅndod ʇsoɯ ǝɥʇ sˌʇɐɥM ·ƖƐ

 sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ )ǝʇᴉɥM( ʇɐǝɥM ɐ ɟo ɓuᴉɯɐǝɹꓷ ɯˌI  ¿ๅoɹɐɔ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ǝʇᴉɹoʌɐɟ sˌɹǝɯɹɐɟ ɐ sˌʇɐɥM ·0Ɛ

uoʇʇnq )ǝsnɐd( sʍɐd ǝɥʇ ɓuᴉʇʇᴉɥ ʇdǝʞ ǝɥs ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ
  ¿ɹǝʎɐๅd ꓷꓥꓷ ʍǝu ɹǝɥ ʞɹoʍ ʇɐɔ ǝɥʇ ʇˌupๅnoɔ ʎɥM ·6Շ

noʎ oʇ ǝɯoɔ ʇˌuoʍ pǝq ǝɥʇ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿ǝʌƎ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ uo pǝq oʇ oɓ noʎ op ʎɥM ·8Շ

)ʍǝๅɟ( nๅɟ ɹǝǝpuᴉǝꓤ ǝɥꓕ  ¿ɥɔʇɐɔ ɹǝǝpuᴉǝɹ uɐɔ snɹᴉʌ ɐ ɟo puᴉʞ ʇɐɥM ·LՇ

s ɹǝʇʇǝๅ ǝɥꓕ ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɟo puǝ ǝɥʇ sᴉ ʇɐɥM ·9Շ

pๅoɔ ɐ ɥɔʇɐɔ uɐɔ ʎpoqʎɹǝʌƎ  ·ʇɐǝH  ¿pๅoɔ ɹo ʇɐǝɥ :ɹǝʇsɐɟ sǝʌoɯ ɥɔᴉɥM ·૬Շ

)ǝๅɓuᴉɹꓘ sᴉɹꓘ( ǝๅɓuᴉɹꓛ dsᴉɹꓛ
 ¿ʇᴉๅ sᴉ ǝɹᴉɟ ɐ uǝɥʍ ʎǝuɯᴉɥɔ ǝɥʇ uʍop sǝoɓ ɐʇuɐS ɟᴉ ʇǝɓ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·hՇ

ɥɔʇᴉ ʎǝɥʇ ǝɹǝɥʍ ʍouʞ oɥʍ sǝuo ʎๅuo ǝɥʇ ǝɹˌʎǝɥʇ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ
  ¿sǝʌๅǝsɯǝɥʇ ɥɔʇɐɹɔs ɹǝǝpuᴉǝɹ op ʎɥM ·ƐՇ

sɐɓuoɥɔ-ʎǝuɯᴉɥꓛ  ¿ʇuɐɹnɐʇsǝɹ uɐɔᴉxǝW ɐ ʇɐ ʇɐǝ snɐๅꓛ ɐʇuɐS sǝop ʇɐɥM ·ՇՇ

sๅๅǝꓭ ɹǝʌๅᴉsssssssssssSSS ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʇɐ ɓuᴉs ǝʞɐus ɐ sǝop ʇɐɥM ·ƖՇ

pooɥ )uᴉqoꓤ( uoqqᴉꓤ ¿ɹǝddɐɹʍ-ʇɟᴉɓ ɐ ɥʇᴉʍ ɹǝɥɔɹɐ uɐ ssoɹɔ noʎ uǝɥʍ ʇǝɓ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·0Շ

pɐpᴉʌɐN )zᴉๅǝꓞ( ǝɔǝǝๅꓞ  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʎɹɹǝW ʎɐs oɔᴉxǝW uᴉ dǝǝɥs op ʍoH ·6Ɩ

ˌˌ·)sɓuᴉʇǝǝɹɓ( sɓuᴉʇǝǝɯ sˌuosɐǝSˌˌ
 ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ uo uosɹǝd ssǝuᴉsnq ɹǝɥʇouɐ oʇ ʎɐs uosɹǝd ssǝuᴉsnq ǝuo sǝop ʇɐɥM ·8Ɩ

uo ɯǝɥʇ )sǝnๅɓ ǝɥ( sooๅɓI ¿uo suoᴉʇɐɹoɔǝp sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ sᴉɥ ʇnd oɯᴉʞsƎ uɐ sǝop ʍoH ·LƖ

)ɓuᴉqqᴉɹ( NOꓭꓭIꓤ ɟo ʇoๅ ɐ ǝʞɐʇ ʎǝɥʇ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿ǝsɐǝʇ oʇ ʎsɐǝ os sʇuǝsǝɹd sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ǝɹɐ ʎɥM ·9Ɩ

sๅๅǝq )ǝๅɓuᴉſ( ǝๅɓunſ ¿ǝǝɹʇ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ sᴉɥ ǝʇɐɹoɔǝp oʇ ǝsn ɹɐǝq ʎๅzzᴉɹɓ ɐ sǝop ʇɐɥM ·૬Ɩ

ˌˌ·)ɹǝǝp( ɹɐǝꓷ ʻsɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʎɹɹǝWˌˌ  ¿ʎɐꓷ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ uo ǝop ǝɥʇ oʇ ʎɐs ʞɔnq ǝɥʇ pᴉp ʇɐɥM ·hƖ

ǝsnɐๅɔ ǝʇɐuᴉpɹoqns Ɐ ¿pǝๅๅɐɔ ǝq ǝɥ pๅnoʍ ʇɐɥʍ ʻpๅᴉɥɔ ɐ pɐɥ snɐๅꓛ ·sɹW puɐ snɐๅꓛ ɐʇuɐS ɟI ·ƐƖ

ʇɥɓᴉN ʇuǝๅᴉS  ¿sʇuǝɹɐd ɟo ǝʇᴉɹoʌɐɟ ɐ sᴉ ๅoɹɐꓛ sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʇɐɥM ·ՇƖ

sɐๅoɥɔᴉN ·ʇS pๅO )ʎๅๅoſ( ⅄ꓶꓶƎſ  ¿oH ʻoH ʻoH ʻsǝoɓ puɐ ʎʞɔᴉʇs puɐ ǝๅdɹnd sˌʇɐɥM ·ƖƖ

sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹoɟ )ɓuᴉɥʇou( uᴉ-ꓕꓵN ʇoɓ ǝɥ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿ɐʇuɐS ʇɐ pɐɯ ๅǝɹɹᴉnbs ǝɥʇ sɐʍ ʎɥM ·0Ɩ

)sɐๅoɥɔᴉN( ssǝๅ-ๅǝʞɔᴉN ʇuᴉɐS  ¿ʎǝuoɯ ou sɐɥ ǝɥ uǝɥʍ ɐʇuɐS ๅๅɐɔ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·6

ɯǝǝʇsǝ )ɟๅǝs( ɟๅǝ ʍoๅ pɐɥ ǝɥ ǝsnɐɔǝꓭ  ¿pǝssǝɹdǝp ɹǝdๅǝɥ ǝๅʇʇᴉๅ sˌɐʇuɐS sɐʍ ʎɥM ·8

ɔᴉqoɥdoɹʇ-snɐๅꓛ ¿snɐๅꓛ ɐʇuɐS ɟo pᴉɐɹɟɐ ǝɹɐ oɥʍ ǝๅdoǝd ๅๅɐɔ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·L

ǝʇᴉqʇsoɹꓞ ¿ǝɹᴉdɯɐʌ ɐ ɥʇᴉʍ uɐɯʍous ɐ ssoɹɔ noʎ uǝɥʍ ʇǝɓ noʎ op ʇɐɥM ·9

 ˌˌ·noʎ )ʎɐๅs( ɥɓᴉǝๅs ๅๅᴉʍ sᴉɥꓕˌˌ
 ¿ǝuᴉʇnoɹ ʎpǝɯoɔ sᴉɥ oʇuᴉ ɓuᴉɥɔunɐๅ ǝɹoɟǝq ʎɐs ɹǝǝpuᴉǝɹ ǝɥʇ pᴉp ʇɐɥM ·૬

)ʇǝsoๅɔ( ʇǝ-SꓵⱯꓶꓛ ǝɥʇ uI  ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ɹǝʇɟɐ ʇᴉns sᴉɥ ʇnd ɐʇuɐS sǝop ǝɹǝɥM ·h

·ʇno uǝʞɐʇ )sๅᴉsuoʇ( SꓶƎSNIꓕ sᴉɥ ǝʌɐɥ oʇ pɐɥ ǝH
 ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ǝɹoɟǝq ʇɐoɹɥʇ ǝɹos ɐ ʇoɓ ɐʇuɐS uǝɥʍ pǝuǝddɐɥ ʇɐɥM ·Ɛ

)puɐๅɹɐɓ( puɐๅ-ꓤꓤꓤꓤꓤꓤꓤꓤꓨ ¿sɐɯʇsᴉɹɥꓛ ʇɐ ɓuᴉs suoᴉๅ op ʇɐɥM ·Շ

sǝʞɐๅꓞ pǝʇsoɹꓞ ¿ๅɐǝɹǝɔ ʇsɐɟʞɐǝɹq ǝʇᴉɹoʌɐɟ sˌɐʇuɐS sᴉ ʇɐɥM ·Ɩ