Grandfather Cave https://coord.info/GC7N8XT /
PERMISSION
Jason Birely (Manager) – 814-349-9800
Rick Bird (Owner) 717-495-5705
Freda Barker – Tour Guide
ANSWERS
1a. Answers vary – All 10 mentioned are found in the cave
1b. bats / shark (teeth) / seashell (fossil) / kneeling camel / alligator / eagle / elephant / frog / lion / prairie dog / squirrel / turkey / turtle
FAVORITE ROOM. Ball Room – we saw the colony of bats
2. Scalloped Rock – little potholes in the ceiling where water used to churn through – they indicate speed and direction of flow – they are steep on one side and shallow on the other indicating the direction of flow
3. 50 pounds / 1000+ pounds
4. Hall of Statues / Tower of Babel / 14′ high 8′ thick / 100,000 + years and still growing

Flowstones https://coord.info/GC3W6R7 /
WHITE – healthy and growing …. GRAY – dying / calcite bonds are damaged …. BLACK – dead / calcite bonds are broken …. TUFA – spongy appearance and formed from seepage of water at ambient temperature …. Two types of limestone present / Manlius / Coeymans …. permission by owner 518-296-8558 …. Further information call Todd (manager) Scott (geologist)

Hidden River https://coord.info/GC63YQ5 /
American Cave Conservation Headquarters
Permission granted by Tour Guides Maria and Clay Lancaster Maria 270-670-5138
Nature Conservancy magazine, May/June 1995.
Hidden River Cave by Cav Scout https://coord.info/GC1RY8W
Bacon / Column / Soda Straw / Stalactite / Stalagmite
Periodic rise and fall of water levels
Flowstone in a crevice. Water flowing over the flowstone tells you to exit the cave because water is rising.

Hidden River Sinkhole https://coord.info/GC640HW / 
https://books.google.com/books?id=alDky3N0CmkC&pg=PA736&lpg=PA736&dq=how+did+the+Hidden+River+Sinkhole+in+KY+form?&source=bl&ots=8WrgWRzIV0&sig=l4EGc-N_FJZ6LA64uWN2D5QZv_I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CE8Q6AEwB2oVChMI7afbtpbZyAIVAXA-Ch3J8wTY#v=onepage&q=how%20did%20the%20Hidden%20River%20Sinkhole%20in%20KY%20form%3F&f=false
1. Size – 285′ x 150′ x 75′
2. Dissolution of Limestone (calcium carbonate)
3. KY’s state fossil (brachiopod) and coral cluster

Indian Caverns https://coord.info/GC7NP6R / 
PERMISSION
Olentangy Indian Caverns – Ashley
Looks like fun! You have our permission.
740-548-7917
ANSWERS
1. CRYSTAL ROOM … a. 3′ x 5′ vs 1′ x 1.5 ‘ b. brachiopod
2. CATHEDRAL HALL … a. flowstone b. 1″ crinoid stem
http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Delaware_Limestone

Lincoln Caverns https://coord.info/GC1FNPT /

Petrified Wood https://coord.info/GC7VXQ0 / 
PERMISSION Doug Shoemaker 601-879-8189
ANSWERS
1. On the porch … 106″ long and 33″ wide
2. Answers vary. Examples are tree rings, bark, bud scars, etc.
3. Answers vary. There are 7 specimens on the wall

Stone Caverns https://coord.info/GC79A1F /
Laurel Caverns … Cave Map
1. The walls are stone. Touching to help maintain balance is encouraged.
2. The Pillar of Hercules is a freestanding bedrock pillar that is not attached to the ceiling. It is large on both ends, and small in the middle. There is a small fault between the Loyalhanna limestone forming the cave and the thin sandstone ceiling here. Slickensides, streaks on the rock caused by fault movement, can be seen on the sandstone ceiling.
3a. Bird in the Wildlife Room – b. Special sound/light experience in the Chapel Room
Precipitation and carbon dioxide at the surface formed carbonic acid, which dissolved the calcium from the limestone.

Whisper Rocks https://coord.info/GC1FNQ9 / 

Devonian Fossils of Western New York https://coord.info/GCAD53P /
ANSWERS
1. Age of Fishes
CREEK
PERMISSION – None needed as it is a public access fishing site
2. Fossils are embedded in shale. Thin layers are easily broken apart by hand. Thicker layers need a tool to see if any fossils are embedded within.
3. Probably a brachiopod shell
TALUS
PERMISSION – None needed as it is a public access fishing site
5-. Broken pieces of shale.
6. Several fossil impressions. One trilobite about 75% complete.
QUARRY
PERMISSION – Phil Stokes (Executive Director Hamburg Natural History Society/Penn Dixie)
8. Used a pick
9. Crinoid stems, Brachiopods, Pieces of trilobites

Devonian Fossils Creek https://coord.info/GC7YPGQ /
PERMISSION – None needed as it is a public access fishing site
ANSWERS
1. Age of Fishes
2. Fossils are embedded in shale. Thin layers are easily broken apart by hand. Thicker layers need a tool to see if any fossils are embedded within.
3. 20 minutes … One partial fossil shell
4. Probably a brachiopod shell

Devonian Fossils Quarry https://coord.info/GC7M2KZ /
-https://penndixie.org/contact-us/?contact-form-id=206&contact-form-sent=6784&_wpnonce=3c7a7c984f#contact-form-206
-https://penndixie.org/contact-us/?contact-form-id=206&contact-form-sent=6785&_wpnonce=e98ed7c600#contact-form-206
Field Guide https://penndixie.org/2018/02/13/official-penn-dixie-field-guide/
FOSSIL SITES http://www.fossilguy.com/sites/18mile/index.htm
Our shale units have calcareous cement and are relatively soft. Surface rocks are very easily weathered and collecting is straightforward. Most fossils can be extracted with hammers, chisels, and dental tools, but we recommend professional preparation for trilobites since they have many tiny features. I hope this helps.
Phil Stokes

Devonian Fossils Talus https://coord.info/GC7M2HW / 
No permission needed. Public access fishing.
ANSWERS
1. Age of Fishes
2-3. Several fossil impressions. One trilobite about 75% complete.

Fossil Hunt https://coord.info/GC6QD37 / 
Pamela – Walmart Manager @ Bradford PA … 814-368-4600
No permission needed. Bank located in Walmart public parking lot.
1. Answers vary. There are a multitude of fossils at ground level. Most are brachipod and trilobite molds.
2. Behind the brown stone partially pictured within 10′ of the coords. … 6-7 with an average width of 1/4″ and lengths ranging from 1″ to 4″ … crinoid stems … casts … replacement
3. Gray shale slabs within a grassy bank. Thickness ranges from paper thin to 1/4″. Exposed bank extends about 40′.

Gray Fossil Dig https://coord.info/GC700M9 /
Chris Widga … Head Curator … widgac@etsu.edu
2. Lighter sediment was above the original water table and has been oxidized. Darker sediment was below the water table and is rich in organic matter.
3. 4 rhinos – 2 nearly entire rhinos, 1 partial adult, some fetal material
4. horse tooth / bear tooth and claw / panda jaw / tapirs / rhino bones / peccary / elephants / bat
COMPARE 4 tusks vs 2 tusks

Mammoth Site Tour https://coord.info/GC9B1GK / 
PERMISSION Claire Scarborough … 605-745-6017
ANSWERS
1. warm water and abundant food / slippery shale and steep angle
2. complete pelvis bone / flat chewing surface of two upper molars from a Columbian mammoth
3. The bones have not had mineral replacement of the organic material and are not petrified. The warm water leached out all the organic material leaving behind a fragile skeletal remnant. / Multiple layers of sediments divided into horizontal layers
4. They may harm the bones / Bagged and wet-screened through a fine-mesh sieve to recover the smaller bones of fish, frogs, and rodents.
5. 59 Columbian mammoths / 85 different species
6. Columbian mammoth – African elephant – Wooly mammoth – Asian elephant – Pygmy mammoth
7. missing skull then found to be male so renamed Murray / skull of extinct giant short-faced bear
8. 50′-60′ deep / shallow footprints
9. a. 140,000 years old / b. reconstruction of the local environment of the Ice Age.
10. two-staff

Mammoth Site Walk Through Time https://coord.info/GC9BXPD /
PERMISSION
Claire Scarborough … 605-745-6017
ANSWERS
1a. schist / pegmatite / granite
1b. The Black Hills
1c. Answers vary. – jellylike blobs advance into jellyfish
2a. sandstone / limestone
2b. Rolling plain that extends across North America’s midsection / Sea advances and retreats multiple times
2c. Answers vary. – The sea retreats and erosion forms a thick layer of red, tropical soil.
3a. sandstones / gypsum
3b. Above sea level
3c. Answers vary. – Sundance Sea floods depositing the Lakota formation (love the names).
4a. tufa / conglomerate
4b. Rising as a result of great folding and tilting
4c. Answers vary. – Butterflies and dogs appear (two of my favorite animals).

Montour Preserve Fossil Pit https://coord.info/GC7N8V9
No permission needed – Open to the public … 570-772-4021
YouTube Log … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94FWM1Hefwo
ANSWERS
1. At least an hour. Found over a dozen fossils. Also some larger pieces we took home to see if there are any treasures hidden within.
2. brachiopods / pelecypods / pieces of trilobites