ASP Cycloramic View https://coord.info/GC6TQMQ / 
ASP – The Salamanca Bench https://coord.info/GCB4WF9 (ASP Cycloramic View and Allegany State Park Topography) / N 42° 06.024 W 078° 44.942 / N 42° 06.023 W 078° 44.975
PERMIT ALL400 … Expires 10/4/2018 … N 42° 06.113 W 078° 44.909
1. Red House Lake …
2. The mounts are more pronounced than shown in the diagram. This is probably due to increased deepening of the valleys over time. NESW
There are intermittent flatter portions observed – Salamanca Bench. N
The Three Sisters stand out as distinct knolls not much higher than the mounts. Similar to diagram. N
See pages 30/40
OPTIONAL Eurypterus Remipes … 1 partial

ASP Falls and Fossils https://coord.info/GC7X3D9 /
ASP Rock Water Erosion … https://coord.info/GC6TQN2
ASP- Correlation Between Flow Magnitude & Erosion https://coord.info/GCB4WD5 (Allegany State Park – Falls and Fossils https://coord.info/GC7X3D9) / Identical coordinates
N 42° 04.878 W 078° 45.029 / N 42° 04.878 W 078° 45.029
ANSWERS
1. Answers vary
2. Shale is eroding with areas alternating between protruding thick slabs and small pieces close to the cliff. The cliff is not eroding in a uniform manner due to softness of shale, varied amount of water falling over cliff, changes in temperature through the seasons.
3. Thin layers easily separated. Thicker layers need a tool.
4. We found several brachiopods.
Thank you so very much for your kind words.
Too bad HQ doesn’t see how their actions negatively affect the caching community. Seems several of us have been on their radar. Have no idea why some are targeted and others are left free reign. I loved developing EarthCaches and sharing them. I do plan to keep 40 of them active.
Take care.

ASP Fossils https://coord.info/GC6V1DP / 
1. Eurypterus Remipes … 1 partial
2. see pic
ALL 404 N 42° 05.969 W 078° 44.544
Red House General Store N 42° 05.497 W 078° 44.854
Katie Vecellio … Environmental Education & Recreation
New York State Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation
Allegany State Park, Salamanca NY … 716-354-9101 x236 Tom x266 Katie … www.nysparks.com
https://parks.ny.gov/inside-our-agency/documents/Permits/GeoCacheApplicationAndPermit.pdf

ASP Rock Water Erosion https://coord.info/GC6TQN2 / 
1. softness of shale, varied amount of water falling over cliff, changes in temperature through the seasons
2. small amount of water compared to video.
3. shale is eroding with areas alternating between protruding slabs and pieces close to the cliff.
4. falling water / inland ocean / rivers and streams
BEAR – L right angle -and- Far R acute angle. Direction of tributaries and Trend of valley.
THUNDER – Cross-Bedding 3 … Ice Wedging … Dripping/Falling/Flowing Water 1-2 … Staining 4
Thomas LeBlanc … (716) 354-9121 ext. 266
Katie.Vecellio@parks.ny.gov … 716-354-9101 x236
OLD N 42° 00.544 W 078° 47.844 … NEW N 42° 00.648 W 078° 48.317
BEAR CAVES
1. Left right angle -and- Far right acute angle. Direction of the tributaries and Trend of the valley.
2. Strong currents/waves along the shore … two large rocks on the trail and another rock about 50′ to the right
OPTIONAL See pic … Probably burrows due to shape and noted presence in this area.

B.I.P. Awesome Roadcut https://coord.info/GC8FFN7 / 
ANSWERS
1. sandstone blocky grey 60′ / sandstone layered 20′ / shale talus 20′ / coal seam 5′ / sandstone with staining 10′ / shale 20′
2. 3 5 2 6 4 8 7 … 1 is at the posted coords but opposite bank
B.I.P. Circle Round
THANK YOU Austin Bradley (Park Superintendent / Breaks Interstate Park) for permission to share this learning adventure.
Park office: 276-865-4413 extension 3201, or 3202 / Park Superintendent: ext. 3216
THANK YOU Chuck Ratliff (Volunteer Staff) for co-developing this earthcache.
PINNACLE ROCK … N 37° 17.347 W 082° 18.500 … https://coord.info/GC4Y7XA
Geology of the embedded rings in the rock … How many? … Size range? … Depth range?
-I looked at the photo of the round rock. I would not call that spheroidal weathering based upon these articles: https://sciencing.com/two-types-weathering-8065594.html and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroidal_weathering.
-What I think is a more likely source of the spherical rock is the action of the rock tumbling side a pot hole. The result is synergetic rounding of the rock and enlarging of the pothole. When one looks into potholes that people have not collected “souvenirs” from, there are oftentimes several rocks in the bottom of the hole that are trapped and grind away on each other and the bedrock. This phenomenon could be an EarthCache subject by itself with the right field examples.
GEOLOGICAL TRAIL … Breaks Interstate Park … ELKHORN CITY, KENTUCKY
Park office: 276-865-4413 extension 3201, or 3202 Terry Owens, Director of Operations: ext. 3207
http://www.breakspark.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Ridge-Geological-Trail-Interpretive-Guide.pdf
17.Cliff Overhang … 20.Rock Cross-bedding … 22.Fossilized Log Jam … 25.Faulting and Joints
26.Quartz Rock Pebbles … 27.Hanging Stone … 29.Lichens and Mosses

Black Moshannon https://coord.info/GC1HFT6 / 

Carter Caves Box Canyon https://coord.info/GC8FGE2 /
ANSWERS
1. Over 60 ft high / nearly perfect 90° angle.
2. Predominantly reds and yellows / minerals / Gritty sandstone texture throughout
3. Opening only on one end with smooth, high walls, intersecting at nearly right angles.

Carter Caves Cascade Bridge https://coord.info/GC8FA4D /
Stop 6 pages 19-26
https://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC1YTWZ_cascade-bridge
ANSWERS
1. It formed between two parallel fractures at the top of the ridge.
2. Only a small crack, not big enough to stand between bridge and wall. / mechanical weathering indicated by the widening of the joints
3. Right hand edge of the arch. / several feet / few inches / sandstone

Carter Caves Cascade Cave https://coord.info/GC7WG5F / 
ANSWERS
1. CATHEDRAL ROOM … Speleothems occur on ceiling+floor+walls / wet
2. LAKE ROOM … A group of stalactites hang directly over the lake. … ceiling/wet
3. FROZEN CASCADES ROOM … travertine “waterfalls” appear fibrous compared to a smoother appearance of formations in the other rooms … dry B. Amazon jungle underneath the canopy -and- Ocean bottom
Carter Caves State Resort Park 344 Caveland Dr. Olive Hill, KY 41164 (606) 286-4411

Carter Caves Cascade Waterfall https://coord.info/GC8EFFZ /
ANSWERS 1. vertical joint / plunge gradient 2. The water is flowing out a vertical slit in the rock.

Carter Caves Natural Bridge https://coord.info/GC7WG6X / 
“These sedimentary structures are not common because they require the current to be equal in both directions, which rarely happens in nature.”
ANSWERS
1. a. Exterior cave wall b. Layers are not uniform and vary from less than an inch to several inches thick. c. The thickest layers indicate a slower speed with more time for deposition.
2. Tidal action and substrate erosion is variable during the depositional phase. Afterwards, weathering also changes the rock layers.

Carter Caves Saltpeter Cave https://coord.info/GC7WG5C / 
PMT Natural Bridge Earthcache https://coord.info/GC73R83
PERMISSION Email previously sent -and- permit listed on cache page.
ANSWERS
1. No – they occur throughout the cave carved in the bedrock ceiling. Diameter 2′ and Depth 3′
2. See reading.
3. “You can find them throughout the cave, but the most visible are located in the main trunk passageway from what we call the miners bedroom to the miners well.” NOTE – Did not think of this question until after arrived home. Cachers will have to answer this either by using GPS compass or asking tour guide.
4. The Devils Pit stalactite.
5. The names show a difference in handwriting from the 1800s to relatively recent. There are also famous historical names carved within a section of the cave. I think anything that detracts from the natural beauty of a formation is graffiti.

Carter Caves Shangra La Arch https://coord.info/GC8EBVB /
ANSWERS
1. water -vs- dry
2. flat -vs- curved
To be classified as a bridge, there needs to be water flowing underneath and a relatively flat lintel.
3. larger opening / path is relatively flat -vs- smaller opening / boulders are strewn about the area

Carter Caves Smokey Bridge https://coord.info/GC821QZ / 
A Natural Bridge https://coord.info/GC7QK2Z
ANSWERS
1. 220 ft long, 45 ft wide, and 35 ft high. … Erosion from the stream flowing through it.
2. About a foot in diameter. … Ceiling Skylight … Dissolution of limestone from rainwater.
3. Each about 6″ wide … Two springs near (not under) the bridge … Looks like a joint allowing passage of water through the rock.

Carter Caves Wind Tunnel https://coord.info/GC8FGE7 /
https://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC1YZF3_wind-tunnel
ANSWERS
1. Formed from a vertical joint and enlarged by erosion.
2. Narrow with shoulders nearly touching walls. / Open area with cliff walls surrounding you.
3. The sandstone boulders fell from the cliff walls.
4. You can hear the wind whistling through the tunnel.

Carter Caves X Cave https://coord.info/GC7WG57 / 
ANSWERS
1. a. The flow of water in opposite directions acted as sandpaper, gradually wearing away the sandstone wall. b. DIRECTION OF FLOW … LEFT south / RIGHT north
2. TEMPERATURES … LEFT cool / RIGHT warmer
3. HEIGHT OF CEILINGS … LEFT low / RIGHT high
4. COMPOSITION OF CEILINGS … LEFT Has a sandstone cap preventing water entering the cave / RIGHT Has a limestone ceiling allowing water to enter the cave
5. CAVE SYSTEMS … LEFT It is considered dead because there are no speleothems / RIGHT It is considered living because there are speleothems
6. SPELEOTHEMS … Stalactites found on the ceiling and Stalagmites found on the floor column straws flowstone bacon (light) … drapery (no light)

Cook Forest https://coord.info/GC9H63K /
Dale Luthringer / dluthringe@pa.gov / 814-744-8475
1a.. North – The outcrop is at ground level / South – There is an overhang
1b. Colors are mostly tan with small areas of red. The tan is due to the light colored sand grains. The red is due to iron oxide.
1c. The texture along the entire outcrop is gritty since it appears entirely made of sandstone.
2a. Erosion, frost heave, and root-pry
2b. Answers may vary. The separation of the blocks beneath Bridge 1 are narrower than the separation of the blocks beneath Bridge 2.
2c. Probably gravity causing a greater separation as the blocks travel downhill.
3a. Bumps are hematite inclusions. Depressions are due to erosion.
3b. The hematite veins are evident throughout the entire rock at the overlook. See gallery pic. Some are round, but most are elongated.
3c. The depressions are relatively small pits. There are only a few scattered throughout the rock.
iron deposits / veins hematite / inclusions

Letchworth https://coord.info/GC3XTE6 / 
UPPER 1054′ …. MIDDLE 1021′ …. LOWER 995′ …. The river cut a new valley then dropped back into the old valley at Mount Morris. This section of new valley is a spectacular gorge with three scenic waterfalls, that is now the site of Letchworth State Park. …. Roland Beck Park Manager 585-493-3600 …. 1 Letchworth State Park / Castile NY / 14427

Ohiopyle https://coord.info/GC78XPF /
OHIOPYLE FALLS
1. There are various sized potholes due to the scouring action of the swirling water. There are rectangular post holes from the old grist mill. (Information on the nearby panel)
2. The sandstone over which the water flows is relatively flat. Sandy shoreline vs rocky shoreline.
3. There are large boulders at the base of the falls broken off due to the massive power of the falling water.
4. Answers vary. A case can be made for each of the three depending on your focus … holes in rocks / differential erosion of banks along the river / boulders forming rapids.
CUCUMBER FALLS
1. H 50′ … W 10′ … Flow 7 … small plunge pool … Cucumber Falls
2. H 40′ … W 50′ … Flow 8 … deep plunge pool … Ohiopyle Falls
3. Cucumber ( actually both are the same) … Ohiopyle due to the massive amount of water flowing over the rocks.

Ohiopyle Waterfall Illusion https://coord.info/GC78XP8 /
Address: PO Box 105 124 Main Street Ohiopyle, PA 15470-0105
Park Manager: Kenneth Bisbee
Contact Info: 724-329-8591 … ohiopylesp@pa.gov
Elaine,
Attached is the Geocache Agreement. (9/26/17) The cache is approved.
Benjamin M. Monk| Assistant Park Manager / Department of Conservation & Natural Resources
Bureau of State Parks | Ohiopyle State Park / P.O.Box 105 | Ohiopyle, PA 15470
Phone: 724.329.8591| Fax: 724.329.8603
H 50′ … W 10′ … Flow 7 … small plunge pool
H 40′ … W 50′ … Flow 8 … deep plunge pool
Cucumber ( actually both are the same) … Ohiopyle due to the massive amount of water flowing over the rocks.
Meadow Run Natural Water Slides https://coord.info/GC2RDE1
Sliding Rock Earthcache https://coord.info/GC17869

Pinnacle Rock https://coord.info/GC701GA /
Erosion (Nature’s cutting tool) has chiseled away the stone on this spur of Flat Top Mountain, leaving this giant cockscomb more than 2700 feet above sea level. Several counties may be seen from these cliffs.
1. Stoney Gap Sandstone … 2. A
PINNACLE ROCK STATE PARK – Bramwell, WV 24715 – (304) 248-8565
The nearest exposure I can think of on Route 52 that isn’t an example of superposition is the vertical exposure of Stony Gap Sandstone that forms Pinnacle Rock.
19.093/17.309 – PK 18.647/17.276
miranda.i.cope@wv.gov
WV State Parks … 304-558-2764

Salt Springs  https://coord.info/GC8XXDX / 
PERMISSION If there is nothing physical in the park to find, then what’s the point? I don’t have a problem giving you permission. Why do you need our permission if it’s all “virtual” ? Friends of Salt Springs / friends@saltspringspark.org
ANSWERS
1. Both show bedding dipping slightly to the south. Height and cascade width varies.
2. Sandstone layers are thinner than the shale layers. Sandstone is light gray and shale is dark gray.
3. The layers average 1/2 inch apart. The rock is about 4′ high and 15′ x 15′.
4. There are trees growing atop the rocks which contribute to biological weathering. Hammering pennies between the layers breaks off small pieces of the rock and increases the surface area for additional weathering.

Sizerville https://coord.info/GC1HM43 /
Sizerville State Park …. 199 E Cowley Run Road …. Emporium, PA 15834-9608 …. 814-486-5605 ….
Manager: Joshua Bruce ….E-mail: sizervillesp@pa.gov

Sizerville Cowley Run Dams https://coord.info/GC1HM3Z /

Skinner https://coord.info/GC8XW1T / 
Hi Elaine! As long as no items are being taken or moved / altered in the park, and there’s no payment for the event, that’s considered normal use of the park so no need for a special permit. Thanks! Kery Emma Ellis, M.Sc., Visitor Services Supervisor Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation Mt. Holyoke Range & J. A. Skinner State Parks P.O. Box 91 … 10 Skinner State Park Road, Route 47 … Hadley, MA 01035 413-586-0350 Park … 413-695-9564 Cell … kery.ellis@state.ma.us
Stanley Park / Park Ranger / Bill Harblas
ANSWERS
1. Perimeter is 403′ and Height is 20′
2. Points to the rock at every place along the perimeter / iron oxide … Iron oxide (rust) is non-magnetic. Elemental iron or nickel will attract a compass needle.
3. Several glacier striations etched in the front of the rock.
4. Outcrop is 100′ / Dikes SW-NE
5. Largest column is 1′ Wide 4′ High At the summit 942′

Swatara https://coord.info/GC7NMBD / 
PERMISSION Chris Houck – Park Manager – chhouck@pa.gov – 717-865-6470 Chris Houck | Park Manager / Department of Conservation & Natural Resources Bureau of State Parks | Memorial Lake State Park / 18 Boundary Road | Grantville, PA 17028 Phone: 717-865-6470 / www.dcnr.state.pa.us GUIDELINES http://www.docs.dcnr.pa.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20033068.pdf
ANSWERS 1-3. We enjoyed walking our shelties along the trail to this site. Consequently, we limited our surface fossil search to around 30 minutes. No tools were needed. We found several pelecypods.
4. Ordovician / Starfish and Graptolites
5. Environmental conditions were different.

World’s End State Park https://coord.info/GC7NMVG /
PERMISSION World;s End State Park – 82 Cabin Bridge Road – Forksville PA 18616 Bill Kocher – Park Manager – 570-924-3287 – wkocher@pa.gov
ANSWERS
1. 6″ diameter … Possible remnants seen
2. 8″ long and scale-like … Corner visible above water line
3. We found several pelecypod fossil shells D. See pic – Appears to be native. Have no idea (nor did the Ranger) what caused the surface irregularities.